Foreword by Tony Grant, the reviewer. Before I start into Toby Musgrave’s well researched and deeply considered and heartfelt life and times of the ”father of Botany,” Joseph Banks, and all its implications to us and our world today, I’d like to say a few words about the author. Apart from reading his very short biography in the blurb on the back of the fly leaf to this book, and his even shorter dedication of no more than two short sentences to his brother, I have not ventured into discovering more about him. The book reveals all that is necessary to know about Musgrave’s passions and life’s work, and about the author himself. I felt by reading this biography of Banks that I was also, at a subliminal level, learning about Mr. Musgrave. A short dedication to his brother also reveals so much. His brother had an untimely death. The two of them had researched and written about Banks together in the late 1990s. I got the sense from this dedication that not only was the book for his brother, but his brother was also involved in the writing of the book. The intensity and passion of Musgrave’s work attests to this.
I must admit that as I read The Multifarious Mr. Banks I became totally involved in the worlds Musgrave was telling me about. It brought up so many questions. From the evidence the author provides and the stories he tells, I made my own conclusions. It is a very honest book with lots of research. If you want an intense absorption into the world of the 18th and early 19th centuries, then this book is for you.
Joseph Banks, ca 1771-1773, Joshua Reynolds, National Portrait Gallery, Wikimedia Commons, public domain
Childhood and early education:
Joseph Banks was born February 13th, 1743 at 30 Argyll Street in SOHO, London into a very wealthy family of landowners. In 1717, the first Joseph Banks – there were four of them – started buying land and estates in Lincolnshire. He bought Revesby Estate, which was to become the main home of the Banks family. Click on this link and scroll down to view Revesby Abbey.
The fourth Joseph Banks, who Toby Musgrave deals with in this book, inherited the extensive family fortune and lands. Joseph Banks IV’s early childhood was therefore spent on the 340-acre estate of Revesby. He was allowed to wander freely and explore the natural world around him. In April 1752, at the age of 9, he was sent to the free Grammar School run by John Lyon at Harrow, north west of the centre of London. Here he mixed with the aristocracy. On the 11th September 1756, at the age of 13, he attended the lower school of Eton near Windsor Castle in Berkshire.
Joseph Banks apparently lacked academic ability. Latin and Greek were not his strengths. He made friends easily, and because he was physically strong and big for his age, did not suffer from the bullying regime found at many of this type of school. It is said that young Joseph’s walks beside the River Thames near Eton and experiences in the natural world of the river bank and the surrounding countryside inspired his interest in botany. Rather than coming to grips with Latin and Greek and the classics, he set out to hunt plants and insects in the surrounding countryside. Botany was not a subject that was taken seriously in academic circles at the time. It was seen as an amateur interest. This of course brings up the question: what is learning and what is education, and, of course, what is intelligence? I could go on forever about that.
Laying the foundation of his life at Oxford:
After attending Eton, Banks went on to Oxford University. You might wonder at this with regards to his lack of academic achievement. Wealthy landowners and the aristocracy could send their sons to Oxford or Cambridge because they could afford to. The most important subjects at Oxford were again the study of Latin and Greek and the classics. The study of Hebrew and religion were also important areas for study. Joseph was a sociable person and made friends easily. He met the sons of many important people, aristocrats, politicians, and the people who ran Britain and its burgeoning Empire. Many of his friends at both Eton and later Oxford became people of influence in government and the Empire in their own right. Not only did Joseph make friends easily, he kept friendships for life. These contacts proved vital to his later pursuits in life. Arguably, his ability to influence these people through his friendships with them changed the course of Britain. It helped develop the Empire and affected the world we know today. In a world of a strongly designated class system underlain by a generally illiterate and uneducated working class, Joseph Banks had all the benefits of birth, wealth and contacts. He could fill his time with whatever he wanted to do. Very few people can attain that sort of situation in life in any century.
At Oxford, Banks became friends with Daniel Solander, the Swedish botanist who had been a pupil of Linnaeus, who invented the binomial system of classifying plants. Banks also spent some time at his mother’s house in Chelsea and became friends with her neighbor John Montagu, the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who became First Lord of The Admiralty. In Chelsea, Banks visited the physic garden, where he met Philip Miller, who ran the garden and where Banks enjoyed learning about botany and horticulture. In these early experiences we can see the beginnings of the arc of Bank’s life and work.
Discoveries and explorations:
At the treaty of Paris in 1763, w ith the end of the seven years war between France and Britain, and their allies, British expansionism could begin. Britain had gained Canada in the treaty. The fisheries protection ship, HMS Niger, was sent to Newfoundland and Labrador in 1766 to map and explore those areas. Joseph Banks and his wealthy friend, Constantine Phipps, saw this as an opportunity to follow their interests. This became Banks first independent scientific research. Using his own finances, Banks supplied himself with botanical research equipment and also an extensive reference library.
Newfoundland, A General Chart, Captain James Cook, 1775, Heritage website
It seems strange to us that at this time science was often the pursuit of enthusiastic amateurs. These amateur scientists were wealthy and well-connected. Banks wanted to learn. He acquired research skills in botany from others in a voracious manner. He wanted to learn, and read and talked to people, and made life-long friends with people who had the know-how. He was persistent and determined. Today we think of Elon Musk and Richard Branson with their plans to take people into space as tourists. Banks and his wealthy friends were something like this; they were amateurs setting on a course that interested them, but they were also pioneers in their pursuit of scientific interests.
Journal writing:
Joseph Banks kept journals of his journeys of exploration, but he published very little of his own writings. Instead, he supported others in publishing their research and their illustrations. His existing journals are available for us to read today. For instance, the State Library of New South Wales has his Endeavour journals online for anybody to access. Banks’s journals are idiosyncratic to say the least. They demonstrate poor grammar and spelling and he writes often in a detached scientific voice. His writing is understandable, nonetheless. Banks described botanical specimens, as well as geological, ornithological, and marine specimens. He made military observations. This was evident during HMS Endeavour’s journey back to Britain when Captain James Cook called in at Batavia in Jakarta, run by the Dutch East India Company. Once again Banks poor literacy skills brings into question what education is about, for he was definitely learning and immersing himself in topics he was deeply passionate about.
Joseph Banks Journal, State Library of New South Wales
Journeys and expeditions:
Banks collected seeds and live plant specimens from his various expeditions, many of which didn’t survive the return journey to Britain. He took along the equipment to press and dry plants, which did survive. He named these specimens and described them, and used his reference library to recognise species and discover new species. In all his journeys, he discovered hundreds if not thousands of new species of plants that had never been discovered before by Europeans. He also brought his own group of botanists and servants, and artists, whose illustrations of plants we have today.
Voyages and peregrinations:
The voyage to Newfoundland in 1766 was Bank’s first real experience at research and exploration. He felt its joys and its hazards and the cramped quarters of life on board a ship and learned the absolute necessity for people to get on and to make compromises living in close proximity. On the trip to Newfoundland, he met Lieutenant James Cook who was charting its coast. Banks’s reports and journals were given to The Admiralty back in London, but he kept his plant specimens and began to accumulate his personal Natural History Museum in his house at number 30 Soho Square, London.
Banks, it appeared, had an addiction to finding out about the world around him. After Newfoundland, he made what he termed a ”Peregrination” around Britain, a meandering journey that took him wherever the next point of interest and investigation led him. He travelled to places as diverse as Pembrokeshire in West Wales, Kent, and Dorset. He explored the heartland of the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution took place all over the British Isles, but Derbyshire and Shropshire in the North were major centres. Banks was interested in engineering technologies, manufacturing, chemical works, mining, and quarrying. He also took interest in an archaeological excavation of a Bronze Age round barrow in Llansadwrn in Wales. There seemed no stopping his boundless energy.
The Transit of Venus:
Banks then heard rumours about an expedition to observe the Transit of Venus. Here again he used his contacts. The Earl of Sandwich was the first Lord of the Admiralty and the admiralty were to supply a ship and a crew to take the astronomers who were chosen by The Royal Society to one of the locations in the south seas which they deemed a suitable place to make the observations. They also chose sites in the northern hemisphere as well as in Britain. The Transit of Venus occurs in a pattern that generally repeats every 243 years, with pairs of transits eight years apart separated by long gaps of 121.5 years and 105.5 years. They are important because the size of the solar system can be worked out from the measurements using trigonometry to measure the Earth to Venus and then the distance to the Sun. This particular transit was due in 1769.
HMS Endeavor and a voyage around the world:
In 1768 Joseph Banks lobbied the Royal Society to include a group of botanists, artists and his good friend Solander, the Swedish botanist, who he would lead. The foremost hydrographer of the time, Alexander Dalrymple became the scientist who would measure the Transit of Venus. Eventually Banks was given permission by Lord Morton, the President of The Royal Society, to take his entourage to discover and illustrate new plants that would be beneficial to Britain and the Empire. Banks was always adept at combining his own interest, the interests of Botany and the national interest in his schemes. The captain for the trip was Lieutenant James Cook, who Banks had met in Newfoundland. This was to be a multi-purpose expedition. The main task was to measure the Transit of Venus, but Cook was also the Navy’s greatest map maker and navigator. He would chart the coasts of unknown lands.
Banks persuaded everyone that collecting and finding out about the botany of the southern oceans was important too. Plants were vital for food production and other economic pursuits. Another crucial aspect of exploration was trade and the extension of the Empire. In order to maintain its pre-eminence, Britain needed to keep its lead over other nations. The stories and sightings of what sailors thought was a southern continent also needed to be explored. Did this fabled southern continent exist? As a result, this expedition would become one of the most important voyages in history.
On the way south through the Atlantic, Banks and his team had many opportunities to botanise on the Atlantic Islands, such as The Canaries and the Azores. They also botanised on the coastal areas of South America and inland when they were permitted. To get to the Pacific Cook sailed through the Straits of Tierra Del Fuego from the Atlantic. They eventually landed in Tahiti where the Transit of Venus was to be observed and measured.
Endeavour Leaving Whitby, by Thomas Luny, 1768, Wikimedia, creative commons
What happened next is very telling and has repercussions to this day in the way ethnic minorities and people of other cultures were treated. It seems sometimes we have learned nothing. The indigenous people of Tahiti were friendly and welcoming They were interested in what these Europeans had to bring to them. In turn, the British were interested in what they could get from the Tahitians. Iron was scarce and an important trading commodity in these islands. The British under Captain Cook thought of themselves as the dominant culture. They wanted to be friendly and trade, but on their terms. Misunderstandings were bound to happen. Tahitian women, for instance, offered themselves as wives and sexual partners to the British explorers and sailors. Banks recorded this, as well as Cook and other members of the expeditions in their journals. This was seen as immoral from a Christian aspect, although the sailors didn’t refuse and neither did Banks. Banks had a history of sexual adventures with his friends in Britain. The view that Cook, Banks and the rest of the crew formed about the Tahitians had to do with misunderstanding of cultures. Later the French repressed the Tahitians cruelly when they took over the islands and made it a French colony. Christianity played a major role in this subjugation as well.
As an aside, Banks left the lady he was to marry, Miss Harriet Blosset, behind without actually telling her that he was leaving until the night before his departure. He asked her to wait for him, which she dutifully did. On his return to Britain, he eventually spurned and ignored her, which put him in a bad light.
Tahiti, 18th century map-The official position taken by the Wikimedia Foundation is that faithful reproductions of two-dimensional public domain works of art are public domain. This work is cc in the U.S
Toby Musgrave points out that curiosity and discovery was not solely a European thing. Tupai was a Tahitian navigator who traversed the ocean using wave patterns, the stars, the sun, and the prevailing winds. He and other navigators from the south seas created stick charts which showed the prevailing wave patterns around the islands and that also marked the positions of various islands . Tupai drew and sketched Tahitian life and the meeting of Tahitian people with Europeans. James Cook learned from Tupai and Tupai learned from Cook. They had a mutual friendship and admiration for each other. Tupai, wanting to explore the European world, asked to return with Cook to Britain. Unfortunately the navigator died in 1770 on the journey back.
Tupai, Tahitian navigator, creative commons, Wikimedia
Sailing south:
After the transit had been recorded, Cook was permitted to open sealed orders from the Admiralty. As was expected, Cook and his ship were requested to sail south to ascertain the existence of a southern continent. They sailed first to New Zealand. The Maoris were much more warlike than the Tahitians. Although willing to be friendly, some did not take to the British landing on New Zealand and they greeted the Endeavour in war canoes on occasion. There were confrontations on land too. The ship’s cannons fired over approaching war canoes and Maoris were shot. The Maoris backed off each time. Banks advocated this show of force. He argued that they were there to trade and discover new lands for Britain. This seems to be rather patronising. I wonder how Londoners would have reacted if Maori war canoes had sailed up the Thames with weaponry more powerful than anything the British had. Trying to see the other side’s point of view is important, I think. Colonialism is not benign. It is rapacious in its taking of the resources of a country and the denigrating of other cultures, their beliefs, and their religions.
The Endeavour sailed south and the voyageurs discovered the fabled southern continent. They explored the east coast of Australia and came in contact with aborigines, who they described as shy and of no danger to them. They saw kangaroos, and Banks discovered plants never seen before by Europeans. Botany Bay has two headlands, one was named Cape Banks and the other Cape Solander. There were perils. The Endeavour was damaged on the Great Barrier Reef and had to be pulled ashore for repairs before it could sail home. The trip took three years altogether. Cook had become famous and so, too, had Banks, who was introduced to King George III and became a close confidant.
Endeavour beached in Australia after hitting the Great Barrier Reef. An engraving, John Hawkesworth’s An Account of the voyages, Credit: National Library of Australia.
Return home
While away from Britain, Banks had been elected to The Royal Society. He had become a household name, but fame went to his head and his ego was flattered. He formally broke off his engagement to Miss Harriet Blosset, who he had promised to marry. This was a shocking thing to do at that time and did him no credit.
A second circumnavigation was planned with James Cook leading the expedition. Banks, while he did not publish his journals, had gathered an enormous collection of specimens and was invited to go along. He prepared a group of botanists, as well as his friend Solander, and planned to provision them with the latest equipment, but because of his unreasonable demands and his efforts to have the ship adapted to his needs (which made the ship unseaworthy), he backed out.
Banks had two obvious sides to his personality. He could be vain and devious, and was not averse to getting rid of people who stood in his way, but he could also be thoughtful and caring towards friends. The group of explorers he had gathered for this expedition did not go without work. He quickly organised a trip to Iceland that would be led by him. Other scientists had botanised in Iceland, but Banks’s expedition added to the store of knowledge. He also became a champion for the Icelandic people against the Danish Crown, and is remembered fondly by the Icelandic people to this day.
Kew Gardens near Richmond upon Thames:
Banks discussed with the King George III the development of the Kings garden in the grounds of Kew Palace near Richmond upon Thames and became the unofficial director. There, he designed and built green houses for different types of plants to be cultivated.
Kew Gardens, 1754 by cartographer John Rocque. Kew Archives
At Kew, he trained botanists who were sent around the world to develop botanical gardens in other countries. These Kew-trained gardeners sent back specimens of plants and seeds from colonial gardens the world over. Kew became the greatest depository of plants and seeds, a position it still holds today.
Flowers in front of the Palm House, Kew Gardens. Taken by Daniel Case, Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) Wikipedia.
The father of Australia:
While he didn’t know it at the time, Banks was never to go on a trip of exploration again. He became an advisor and a facilitator of new botanical explorations around the world. An ardent colonialist, he promoted setting up a penal colony in New South Wales, which he planned to become self sufficient in agriculture, minerals and governance. The colony eventually became a net contributor in trade back to Britain. This is why Banks is often termed the father of Australia.
Banks also became interested in sheep. The Spanish had the best wool in the world from the Spanish Royal flock of Merino sheep. These sheep were hard to obtain, since the Spanish wanted to keep this rich resource from other hands. Through subterfuge and clandestine means, Banks managed to get hold of a number of Merino sheep, which he bred on his own estates in Britain and added to the Royal Flock at Kew. He had specimens sent to Australia and so launched sheep farming there.
A view of Kew Gardens with a flock of sheep, by William Woollett, c1765 (© Historic Royal Palaces)
Banks was also involved in plant cultivation and the movement of plants around the world for economic reasons, such as tea from China exported to Assam in India, which was governed by the British and resulted in cheaper tea for the British. He was concerned about transporting plants safely by sea and was involved in helping to develop different methods.
It is said he was anti slavery. He was indeed friends with William Wilberforce, the emancipator. He also expressed the view that it was immoral to use and treat humans like cattle, and was convinced other means of production rather than the use of slaves could be found, although he didn’t actively work towards the abolition of slavery. Perhaps this was another example of Banks being apolitical. He did support slavery in one way. The slave owners needed to feed their slaves as economically as possible. Banks suggested that breadfruit, a cheap and fast-growing crop, could be grown in the West Indies. As a result, ships began to transport bread fruit from Tahiti to the slave plantations.
Societies and memberships:
Joseph Banks liked to work unofficially for organisations. He remained apolitical throughout his life, not joining any political faction. He even went as far as to continue good relationships with botanists in France, the enemy of Britain, and also with botanists in many other nations around the world, since he considered science above nations and wars.
Through nefarious manoeuvrings, Banks, a member of The Royal Society, became its president. He was also involved in many other clubs and organisations. He helped set up the Ordnance Survey, which mapped the whole of Britain. He was interested in engineering and geology. On his estate at Revesby, he mined the mineral wealth from under his lands. In addition, he was involved in the Board of Longitude at Greenwich, and promoted watch makers, such as John Harrison, who eventually made the watch that was to transform navigation.
Banks also became a member of The African Association, which sent out explorers to find the fabled golden city of Timbuktu. He organised and planned the exploration of most of central Africa at that time, and facilitated the first expedition of the famous African explorer, Mungo Parks. Banks helped set up the Horticultural Society for developing plants for different economic, culinary and medicinal uses. Where other members of these organisations might attend occasionally, Banks would attend as often as he could. He read scientific papers, listened to lectures on a variety of subjects, and became knowledgeable about many strands of science, industry, and production. He was indeed, “multifarious.”
Banks was an enabler. Earlier I mentioned that he trained gardeners at Kew and sent them round the world to search for new plants in places not explored before, and also to set up other botanical gardens. He also supported people whom he thought worthy. The self taught astronomer William Herschel was famous for discovering a new planet first called The Georgian Planet and later named Uranus. After Herschel read a paper on his discovery to The Royal Society, he became friends with Banks. Herschel was poor and Banks supported him by introducing him to the King. When Herschel became the King’s Astronomer, he received a pension to live on. He moved from his home in Bath to a large mansion near Windsor at Datchet on the Thames. There he set up a 40 foot long reflector telescope in his garden.
Herschel’s forty foot telescope, the Great Forty-Foot, 1785-89. Public domain image, Wikipedia.
Banks kept up his interests throughout his life. His influence continued, and he often wrote detailed advice for the running and organisation of the colony at New South Wales. He also wrote thorough instructions to the botanists who had set up their botanical gardens around the world, and for any new botanists who ventured forth from Kew. Banks was appointed a member of the privy council in 1797, in which he acted as an adviser to King George III. As other scientists became more professional, however, many began to regard Banks as merely an enthusiastic amateur who wasn’t an expert in any field of study.
At the end of the book, author Toby Musgrave mentions Dorothea, Joseph Banks’s wife. Banks married Dorohea Hugessen, daughter of W.W. Hugessen, in March, 1779, and settled in a large house at 32 Soho Square. In his London residence he welcomed scientists, students, and foreign visitors. His friends Solander and Jonas Dryander, followed by Robert Brown, became librarians and curators of his collections. That year, Banks also took a lease on an estate called Spring Grove in Isleworth, located just a couple of miles west of Kew Gardens on the north side of The Thames.
Musgrave quotes from a poem Banks wrote to his wife. In it he suggested that after the years of travels and Tahitian mistresses and female acquaintances the botanist had settled down as a dutiful husband. It is difficult to tell what their relationship was really like. Dorothea never made public the letters Joseph wrote to her. The fact that they were together until Joseph died says something for stability and perhaps compromise. Joseph Banks was a poor writer on the whole. The fact he wrote a poem to his wife suggests he felt some love for her.
“A husbands wish for his wife to Please
Abates not as the years increase
If it began in love…”
Joseph Banks died at the age of 77 on the 19th June 1820 at his house Spring Grove in Isleworth.
In conclusion, if you read this book, you will find Toby Musgrave an entertaining and lucid writer. He has a passion for his subject, but he doesn’t often give us his viewpoint and analysis. Perhaps that is the sign of a good biographer; they provide the evidence and describe the events and leave it to the reader to make their own analysis.
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Tony Grant has been a regular contributor to this blog since 2010. Find more of his writing at his blog, London Calling, and his other contributions to this blog by typing his name in the search bar at the top right.
References:
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Musgrave, Toby. “The Multifarious Mr Banks From Botany Bay to Kew, The Natural Historian Who Shaped the World.”by Toby Musgrave (Yale University Press 2020) ISBN: 9780300223835
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The Library of Australia:
https://www.nla.gov.au/selected-library-collections/joseph-banks-collection
https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/6092946?selectedversion=NBD25010136
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Kew Gardens: https://www.kew.org/kew-gardens/visit-kew-gardens
- James Cook and the Transit of Venus, May 27, 2004, NASA SCIENCE. https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2004/28may_cook
Jane Austen's World 
Very interesting article. However I believe there is an error below which should read, “They are important because the size of the SOLAR SYSTEM can be….”
“They are important because the size of the universe can be worked out from the measurements using trigonometry to measure the Earth to Venus and then the distance to the Sun.”
Hi Judith, thank you for your comment. You might think they could work out the size of the universe from their calculations but this is the quote from Musgrave.
” Keplers laws of planetary motion could be applied to compute the orbits of all he planets out to Saturn ( then the outermost planet) and thus also the size of the solar system.”
I presume they were only measuring what they could see ( Herschel the astronomer etc).
All the best, Tony
Thanks, Tony. This is very interesting.
For those who want to know more about science in this age, The Age of Wonder, by Richard Holmes, also tells Banks’s story, along with the intertwined stories of Herschel, Humphry Davy, and other pioneering scientists of the time. Banks was obviously the “mover and shaker” of the scientific world of his day.
They were all “enthusiastic amateurs” when he started out. Oxford and Cambridge offered some optional lectures in various areas of science (which was called “natural philosophy” at that time) for an extra fee, but scientists in general were self-taught. (And the word scientist wasn’t even proposed until 1834.)
As you’ve mentioned, Banks and other members of Captain Cook’s expedition took advantage of the island women without restraint. Tragically, they left behind them widespread venereal disease as well as tuberculosis, neither of which had afflicted the islands before. Such diseases soon devastated the peoples of the Pacific islands.
See, for example, http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/hawaiians-health-justice-and-sovereignty
Unfortunately, sexually immorality was quite common among the highest classes and the lowest classes of Austen’s day. Austen condemns such practices in Mansfield Park, where fashionable Mary Crawford thinks adultery is “folly” and clergyman Edmund Bertram calls it “sin.” Evangelicals like Wilberforce and Hannah More were also addressing these issues, which, as you say, are against the teachings of the church.
Anyway, the book sounds like a fascinating survey of a very influential man’s life.
Brenda, you beat me to my comment about the diseases that explorers from all European countries spread to indigenous people the world over. Cultural superiority, or the attitude that the so called natives were naive, uneducated, and barbaric we now know to be wrong. The Western concept that proper women saved their virginity for marriage came from a patriarchal society, where inheritance was male centric. Cook’s explorers had no idea that free sex could be enjoyed for its own sake, or that a woman who offered sex in a gesture of friendship lived in a society that might be matriarchal or that had nothing to do with land ownership. That the sailors brought pest and pestilence made matters even worse.
Thanks Vic. Other cultures need to be respected and learned from I think.We all have a lot to learn from each other. Understanding and talking to ethnic minorities about their experiences, beliefs is so important. Learning from that will go a long way to helping solve the problems around Black lives Matter.
Thank you for your comment Brenda. I had to hold myself back from discussing the process of learning and how education works. Humans learn in similar ways , at different speeds perhaps, but there is a natural process we all have to go through. The essence of good learning is to have a passion about something. Teaching techniques and approaches can help towards reaching that and certainly a teacher with a passion for a subject is a great help.
I don’t know how things work in the US but during my career as a teacher we were expected to try different approaches over the years. All of them had a grain of truth about them. Some academic or other was usuually trying to promote their ideas. Some were even blatantly wrong. Teachers could be admonished for not following the process in fashion.
It is really important for teachers to sit down together and discuss how learning actually happens and also what individual children actually need to develop their skills.. We were not often given the chance. Joseph Banks friend Daniel Solander was Swedish. Nowadays the Swedes have a great education system and approach to education along the lines of, what does the child actually need?
Ever since I read Musgraves description of Joseph Banks lack of educational success I have been itching to make that point. Ha! Ha!
Just read that article you provide the link to Brenda. It left me feeling quite cold.It is a great an analysis of systemic racism. This is what we are dealing with in Britain too. For instance, ethnic minorities are suffering this covid virus more than other groups. Poverty and housing plays a big part as well as sytemic racism..
I work in a museum, called The Museum of the Home in Shroedtich, located in the east end of London.The museum uses the 18th century almshouses that was financed by a once mayor of London and head of the ironmongers at the time, Sir Robert Geffrye (1613-1704) He also was on the board of the Royal African Company and as well as promoting and developing the slave trade invested in it too. He left in his will money for bulding the almshouses which derived from his investmnets. WE are having a struggle with the government over removing his statue. The local people in Shoreditch want it removed. The government have given veiled threats to remove our funding if the statue goes. What we would like to do is make an exhibition with the statue as its focus inside the museum and deal with all the issues there. The government won’t allow us to do that. They are happy with us explaining the history but not removing the atue which act woydl mean so much to the local community. Racism is endemic and world wide it appears.
Wow, that’s difficult. It seems like having the statue inside and explaining the man and his history would be a good way to go. Some want to erase history. Others want to keep accepting it uncritically, which is also not helpful. I think it’s much better to remember it, analyze it, and learn from it.
Also, all of us, including past “heroes,” are such a mix of good and evil–and also a product of our times. Did Joseph Banks, and Captain Cook and his expedition, do good as well as evil? Probably so. Did they think of what they were doing as evil, and recognize what the harm would be? I doubt it. That doesn’t mitigate or justify what they did, in any way. But maybe we can learn from it.
I wonder what future generations will say abut our times; what do we find acceptable and normal that they will see as terrible and unacceptable? We all have our blind spots.
I hope your museum can negotiate a solution that works for your community and keeps your funding.
Thank you Tony (and Vic!) for this interesting review of the book on Joseph Banks. And I agree with all your comments on the effects of British imperialism all over the globe: disease, loss and lack of appreciation of native culture, sexual transgression – to know that we are still addressing these issues over 200 years later, with some attempt at reparation, is something I suppose – but we should all be ashamed it is so late, and so little. And current divisions have cast me into a lingering depression that humanity is still in a very ugly place…
Tony, if you liked this book, you must pick up Andrea Wulf’s brilliant book on Humboldt: “The Invention of Nature: Alexandre von Humboldt’s New World” – Humboldt became acquainted with Banks when Banks was the president of the Royal Society. I wonder if Musgrave mentions their connection? I loved Wulf’s
book, dense as it it – this Musgrave book sounds similar!
Thanks Deb. I should really read that book about Humboldt. I am going through an education in all things German these days. I find Germany fantastic.
Very interesting, indeed.
denise
Thank you Denise. If you ever come over here I am sure you would enjoy a visit to Kew Gardens, a short train ride from the centre of London, Any part of the year would be good. Each season brings its own beauty at Kew. Thanks for reading the article. Tony
Thanks for this, Tony. Those days were times of really exciting exploration in science and the natural world weren’t they? Science and technology advance today but one gets the feeling that the foundations of many classic theories were being established in Banks’ times. Following on from the story of Banks we have of course the voyages of Charles Darwin. This puts me in mind of a splendid historical novel that deals with this period of expanding knowledge and understanding of the world. It’s called “This Thing of Darkness” written by Harry Thompson. Highly recommended.
Thanks for the review. Keep them coming!
John, yourself , Tony and I have been having some great adventures on our walks too. Nearly as important as Banks’s explorations. I will look at ,”The Thing of Darkness,” Reminds me of ,”The Heart of Darkness,” by Joseph Conrad. All the best, Tony