In researching floors and floor coverings of Georgian houses, I came across these interesting tidbits of information.
During the middle ages, the floors of simple peasant households consisted of dirt. Hay and straw were strewn on top of the surface, and often cow dung and household wastes were tossed on top of the rushes. This mixture was trampled upon by the inhabitants. (During the middle ages, animals often shared the house with their human owners.) The result was a surface that became as hard as cement over time. Around the 1100s, saltpeter (potassium nitrate) was used for gunpowder, and the floors of former peasant homes provided a good source for this mineral. Mint was used as a deodorizer to cover the smell of the floors, for walking around the room and tramping onthe herb helped to spread its scent. (A Not So Boring History of Flooring)

The interior of this Irish cottage shows the rough dirt floor. This image was taken in the late 19th century
Concrete floors were also widespread. They were made by plastering a concrete preparation over reeds that were fastened to joists. When this substance dried the concrete assumed the character of a slab of unbroken stone which was strong enough to bear a heavy load without the aid of supporting joists. This hardy substance was both fireproof and long lasting.
Concrete floors eventually began to be replaced with wood floors during the Middle Ages.
We are not able to find any distinct records of wood having been employed for the boarding of the floors of dwelling-houses until towards the latter part of the middle ages, when an upper story began to be attached to middle-class houses in consequence of the increased value of land. The most abundant specimens of these early wooden floors are to be met with in London, probably for the reason that land being of higher values there than elsewhere, upperstoried houses wore more common. The name of 1′ lofts” was given to these upper storied rooms on their first introduction, from whence we have the compound word sentence of “up-a-loft,” and the word “cock-loft” has, probably, the same derivation, for wo find it now to be occasionally employed in some of the villages in the Midland counties to signify an up-stairs bedroom.- Building News and Engineering Journal, Vol 41, 1881
Wood floor planks were rough at first, and hand planed and hand finished with stone or metal. Old growth trees allowed for the maximum wood plank width (about 1-2 feet), which minimized the work required to cover a floor surface. In the 18th century, floorborads were irregular in shape and ranged in size and length. The goal was to use the smallest number of boards to cover a surface. More formal rooms used narower floorboards, indicating the wealth of the family who could afford to pay for the extra hours that craftsman took for the smaller sized boards.
Narrower floor boards general adoption gained rapid foothold during the Industrial Revolution after the repeal of duties place on foreign timber and the introductionof steam-powered planing machinery. In the early 1800s, production for such boards increased. The irony is that today wider floorboards have become a status symbol, for they have become more valuable as old growth trees have become scarce.
Wood floors had a variety of finishes. They were left unpainted and scrubbed with a mixture of sand and herbs. They were lymewashed, or oil painted in solid colors and stenciled. The floors were not sanded or washed or varnished during this early period. At a later time varnishes and stains were applied to help make the wood last longer.

This charming watercolour by Diana Sperling shows the bare wood floor. It was the custom during this period to roll up the carpet and shove furniture aside for impromptu casual dancing.
In the mid 1800s decorated floor tile floors became popular in Europe. They had been used in Turkey, the Middle East, and in Dutch houses during the 1600s, and can be readily seen in Dutch interior paintings.
Floors were covered with a variety of rugs: rag rugs made of old bits of cloth; oil cloths; marble cloths; floor cloths, which were often painted to resemble carpets; and Persian rugs for the wealthy, which were prized for their color, design, and durability. Floor cloths were used in fine homes in France in the 14th century and made their appearance in England in the 17th century. Designs were often painted on them, as this U.S. example from Lakeport Plantation shows:
Another fascinating fact is that rubber floors were used as far back as the 13th century and remained popular until the 1600s. In 1863, Frederick Walton, an English rubber manufacturer, patented linoleum, which is still made in the same way today.
Interesting fact: From ‘besom’ to broom
To sweep floors during the Middle Ages, the British used a ‘besom’ – a handful of twigs with the leaves attached. Besoms were often made of twigs from the ‘broom scrub,’ and so the sweeping implements came to be called ‘brooms’ around AD 1000.
More on the topic:
As well as common dirt, sand and dung it was not unusual to use blood (commonly pig) as a bonding agent to give a hard and indeed relatively smooth glossed surface to an earthen floor. Other products from the abattoir that made good and very hard wearing flooring material for relatively little cost included animal knuckle bones (principally from cattle). During the post medieval period industrial buildings were often furnished with flooring made of thin pine planking bound in pitch. This last, I can attest, is particularly resilient having broken my trusty trowel, a number of jack hammer bits and a mattock trying to take one apart on an archaeological site.
Alan, thank you for this interesting and valuable information. I was literally floored when I learned that animal products helped to make such sturdy floors. But this makes sense. Vic
A very interesting subject; to me, especially, as I am just in the middle of laying a solid oak floor in my bedroom. One question about wood floors: when did the use of tongue-and-groove boards become general? It would have transformed the integrity, strength and evenness of floors, making them especially suitable for dancing …
Andrew, in the 19th century after the invention of the grooving saw. Here’s an interesting passage from a 1915 source: http://books.google.com/books?id=4mNBAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA35&dq=tongue+and+groove+boards+history&hl=en&ei=g9HcTtjaF8jX0QGC1J2jCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
Here is another unexpected but important aspect of the history of floors, from the special point of view of a Janeite:
http://sharpelvessociety.blogspot.com/2010/02/mr-floorisrather-low-in-our-estimation.html
http://sharpelvessociety.blogspot.com/search?q=Floor+estimation
Cheers, ARNIE
Whew!!! Great Post!
I’ll never take for granted my floors ever again….Never!
Fascinating reading! I’d always assumed floor boards must have been varnished in Jane Austen’s era. Come to find out, that was never the case at all! I really enjoyed this post.
Rose
I can only imagine the stench from pigs inside a house.
Thanks for a very informative article, Vic.
Fascinating reading. One can only imagine in all the rushes and straw on the floor the fleas, rodents and bugs in it. Must have been a smelly mess too if animals were allowed in and garbage thrown on the floor. It makes me appreciate my floors!
Fascinating. And the styles are still changing – in my lifetime my parents hated wood floors as it reminded them of the depression era they grew up in and only the very wealthy could afford rugs. Because of this, I lived in wall-to-wall carpet all my life in various abodes until recent years when I ripped up carpets to reveal and expose plain wood floors that I love. Your study shows an interesting evolution in humans environmental adaptations along with changes in style and taste.
As a writer, I find the shocking contrast highlighted by those very interesting photographs reminds me of that classic painting (anyone know the title?) in which the floor of a house full of wealthy people is being punched through from below by the semi-starving working class invisible to them.
And I thought MY floors were dirty! Ha! ;)
Thank you for giving me so much to think about. I remember being quite surprised visiting a very elegant house in Charleston SC years ago and seeing dirty-looking, unfinished floors. The docents said that people tracked in so much muck from the streets, no one bothered to try to make the floors nice – they just ignored them. This made sense and fits with the instructions in Hannah Glasse’s servant’s directory regarding sweeping floors with sand and herbs. I always have to fight a tendency to include my contemporary assumptions when I’m looking at things of the past – I expected shiny varnished floors!