“It was too pathetic for the feelings of Sophia and myself—We fainted alternately on a sofa.”–Love and Freindship, Letter the 8th, Jane Austen’s Juvenilia.
Since I have a background in linguistics, I was intrigued when I was invited to present at a conference in Spain on “Linguistic Approaches to Jane Austen’s Childhood.”*
This conference, which took place in early May, focused on the language of Austen’s early letters and her Juvenilia, the stories she wrote in her teens for her own family and friends’ enjoyment. She wrote them up in three volumes, as if for publication, though they were not published until long after her death. Why is the language of these works important, or even interesting?
Austen’s Language
A fascinating article on “Jane Austen’s Subtly Subversive Linguistics,” by linguist Chi Luu, claims that the best thing about reading Austen is her language. “Austen’s subtly subversive ironic language allows readers to receive her work in a layered way—romance, comedy, mystery.” We lose much of this linguistic brilliance in the movies, which tend to magnify the romance and ignore the intricacies of Austen’s language.
Luu says, “As [Austen’s] writing matured, her comedy became less overt and more nuanced.” We can enjoy the overt comedy of Austen’s Juvenilia, ranging from “The Beautifull Cassandra” whose “father was of noble Birth, being the near relation of the Dutchess of —-’s Butler,” to “Love and Freindship,” whose moral is “Run mad as often as you chuse; but do not faint.”
Jane Austen Practicing
The conference started at noon in Spain, which was 6 AM for me in Georgia, USA, where I was participating online. Kathryn Sutherland opened with, “Jane Austen Practising: What Her Teenage Writings Can Teach Us.” Sutherland edited editions of the Juvenilia which reproduce the pages in Austen’s own handwriting with transcriptions.
Sutherland gave a lively introduction to the Juvenilia, which she considers among the best comic writings in English. These stories are parodies of the novels and pulp fiction Austen enjoyed, as well as her schoolbooks on history and geography. Unlike in Austen’s mature novels, girls in the Juvenilia reject all advice on ladylike behavior. We see them overeating, drinking, stealing, accepting two offers of marriage, even involved in murder, sexual misdemeanors, and violence. The girls in the stories are tough, while the men are weak.
Austen experimented with exotic names for places, like “Crankhumdunberry” and “Pammydiddle,” and people, like “Jezalinda” and “Elfrida.” Sutherland called these kinds of names “multisyllabic confections.” She also said Austen was experimenting with what ingredients a novel needs. For example, does it need a hero? In “Jack & Alice,” Jack is only briefly mentioned as a drunk who died and made his sister rich:
“It may now be proper to return to the Hero of this Novel, the brother of Alice, of whom I beleive I have scarcely ever had occasion to speak; which may perhaps be partly oweing to his unfortunate propensity to Liquor, which so compleatly deprived him of the use of those faculties Nature had endowed him with, that he never did anything worth mentioning. His Death happened a short time after Lucy’s departure & was the natural Consequence of this pernicious practice. By his decease, his sister became the sole inheritress of a very large fortune”—”Jack and Alice,” chapter 7, Jane Austen’s Juvenilia [Variations in spelling and capitalization were common at this time.]
Are motivations and believable settings necessary? Austen’s Juvenilia characters act crazily and randomly. Are the boundaries set by society reasonable? These characters ignore them.
The last work of the third and final volume of the Juvenilia is Catherine, or The Bower. This is the longest work, and is realistic rather than comic. It includes political commentary and harsh criticism of restrictions on women. Catharine sets the stage for Austen’s later novels, which are set in her real world, with characters who need to live within social realities.
Spelling as Evidence
On the second day, Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade gave the plenary talk, “Spelling as Evidence: from Jane Austen’s Juvenilia to The Watsons.” Van Ostade is the author of In Search of Jane Austen: The Language of the Letters, an in-depth analysis of the spelling, vocabulary, and grammar Austen used in her letters.
In this talk, van Ostade suggested dates for parts of Austen’s manuscripts based on different versions of Austen’s handwriting, different shades of ink, and different accepted spellings. She puts The Watsons at 1805-6 (family tradition suggests 1804), and “The Three Sisters” as an addition to the Juvenilia after 1804.
One participant was working on a compilation of some letters of the period. Van Ostade encouraged such editors to include original spellings, capitalization, and punctuation, rather than “correcting” them. Such details contribute to our historical knowledge of the development and use of language in each time period. I would not have thought of that!
Spelling was not taught as a school subject in Austen’s time, though instructional texts were beginning to become available by the 1790s. Van Ostade says that throughout Jane Austen’s life, Austen was a “careful and consistent speller.” So the “mistakes” we see in her Juvenilia, such as “freindship” for what we would now spell “friendship,” were variations used at that time.
In a few days we’ll continue with more delights of Austen’s language.
“We are the sons as you already know, of the two youngest Daughters which Lord St Clair had by Laurina an italian opera girl. Our mothers could neither of them exactly ascertain who were our Father, though it is generally beleived that Philander, is the son of one Philip Jones a Bricklayer and that my Father was one Gregory Staves a Staymaker of Edinburgh. This is however of little consequence for as our Mothers were certainly never married to either of them it reflects no Dishonour on our Blood, which is of a most ancient and unpolluted kind.”–Love and Freindship, Letter the 15th, Jane Austen’s Juvenilia
What is a phrase from Jane Austen that you love?
To read more about Jane Austen’s brilliant use of language, check out the Social Customs tab above, and scroll down to Language and Linguistics.
*The conference was organized by Nuria Calvo Cortés at the Complutense University of Madrid.
Part 2: The Language of Jane Austen’s Teenage Writings
Brenda S. Cox is the author of Fashionable Goodness: Christianity in Jane Austen’s England. She also blogs at Faith, Science, Joy, and Jane Austen.
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