“‘a mob of three thousand men assembling in St. George’s Fields, the Bank attacked, the Tower threatened, the streets of London flowing with blood . . .'” —Northanger Abbey
The only riot in Jane Austen’s novels takes place in Eleanor Tilney’s mind, her brother says. But is it only in her mind?
In Northanger Abbey, Catherine Morland is walking with Henry and Eleanor Tilney on Beechen Cliff, which overlooks Bath. They admire the scenery, then the conversation moves to government and politics;
“from politics, it was an easy step to silence. The general pause which succeeded [Henry’s] short disquisition on the state of the nation was put an end to by Catherine, who, in rather a solemn tone of voice, uttered these words, “I have heard that something very shocking indeed will soon come out in London.”
Not surprisingly, since they had just been talking about government and politics, Eleanor thinks that Catherine has heard rumors of something terrible about to happen in London.
“Miss Tilney, to whom this was chiefly addressed, was startled, and hastily replied, ‘Indeed! And of what nature?’”
[Catherine responds,] “’That I do not know, nor who is the author. I have only heard that it is to be more horrible than anything we have met with yet.’”
“’Good heaven! Where could you hear of such a thing?’”
“’A particular friend of mine had an account of it in a letter from London yesterday. It is to be uncommonly dreadful. I shall expect murder and everything of the kind.’”
“’You speak with astonishing composure! But I hope your friend’s accounts have been exaggerated; and if such a design is known beforehand, proper measures will undoubtedly be taken by government to prevent its coming to effect.’”
“’Government,’ said Henry, endeavouring not to smile, ‘neither desires nor dares to interfere in such matters. There must be murder; and government cares not how much.’”
[Eleanor responds,] “’Miss Morland, do not mind what he says; but have the goodness to satisfy me as to this dreadful riot.’”
“”Riot! What riot?’”
[Henry explains,] “’My dear Eleanor, the riot is only in your own brain. The confusion there is scandalous. Miss Morland has been talking of nothing more dreadful than a new publication which is shortly to come out . . .’”.
Catherine is talking about a new Gothic novel!
Henry explains that Eleanor, though,
“’immediately pictured to herself a mob of three thousand men assembling in St. George’s Fields, the Bank attacked, the Tower threatened, the streets of London flowing with blood, a detachment of the Twelfth Light Dragoons (the hopes of the nation) called up from Northampton to quell the insurgents, and the gallant Captain Frederick Tilney, in the moment of charging at the head of his troop, knocked off his horse by a brickbat from an upper window.’”
Henry think Eleanor is foolish to imagine such a thing, but was she? Was Jane Austen perhaps describing a real riot?
Captain Frederick Tilney, knocked off his horse? “Gordon Riots,” Project Gutenberg eText 19609, by John Seymour Lucas, 1879. Public domain.
The Gordon Riots
Such riots had happened before. Henry might have been talking about the Gordon Riots of 1780.* These are considered the most destructive and violent riots in English history. Lord George Gordon initiated these anti-Catholic riots, though he intended only a peaceful demonstration. At that time, Catholics in England had very limited rights. An Act of Parliament, passed in 1778, gave Catholics a few rights, including the rights to buy and inherit property, and to join the military, if they took an oath of allegiance to the Crown.
On June 2, 1780, Gordon gathered a crowd of around sixty thousand people at St. George’s Fields, London. They marched to Parliament to present a petition. Parliament did not choose to overturn the law.
Thousands gathered in St. George’s Fields. “The Gordon Riots,” Charles Green (1840-1898) / Public domain
Riots ensued, with people shouting “No popery!” and burning down Catholic chapels, priests’ houses, Catholic homes, shops, and schools, and a distillery owned by a Catholic. Lord Chief Justice Mansfield had supported the Catholic Relief Act (he later supported rights for black people in England as well); his house was looted. (Yes, Mansfield Park may have been named after this Lord Mansfield.) The homes of other politicians who supported the Act were also attacked. Lord Gordon tried to calm the situation; he took no responsibility for the riots.
Mobs, already angry about poverty and injustice, attacked the Bank of England on June 7. They burned prisons and prisoners went free. The rioting lasted for about a week. Over ten thousand soldiers were brought in to quell the riots. More than three hundred rioters were killed during the riots or executed afterwards. (By the way, at least two black men, included in the picture below, were involved in the rioting, and black writer Ignatius Sancho witnessed it and wrote about it. The story is told at Black Presence.) George Gordon was imprisoned in the Tower of London but was eventually acquitted of treason.
Newgate Prison was burned during the Gordon Riots. “An exact representation of the Burning, Plundering and Destruction of Newgate by the rioters, on the memorable 7th of June 1780,” by Henry Roberts, 1781. © The Trustees of the British Museum, released as CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
The Gordon Riots seem an appropriate possibility for Henry’s description: thousands gathering in St. George’s Fields (though many more than what he described), the bank attacked, the army called in, many people killed. I haven’t found references to the Tower of London being threatened, however.
These riots also relate to Bath, where Henry and the ladies were having their conversation. During the Gordon riots, anti-Catholic rioting also broke out in Bath. Rioters burned down the Catholic chapel, the bishop’s house and the priest’s house. The city of Bath responded strongly, hanging the ringleader and taxing the whole city to pay for the building of a new Catholic chapel.
Other Riots
However, the Gordon Riots took place when Jane Austen was only four years old; long before she wrote Northanger Abbey. Could she have been referring to more recent riots? Collins Hemingway, in an article in Jane Austen’s Regency World (July/Aug 2018), suggests that it is more likely that Austen was describing one of the many riots going on in England closer to the time when Northanger Abbey was written or revised. (The novel was apparently written between 1797 and 1803, and revised somewhat in 1816-17.)
Some examples of riots closer to the writing of Northanger Abbey:
- The Priestley Riots in Birmingham in 1791: Rioters attacked Dissenters (non-Anglicans) who were supporting the French Revolution, including Joseph Priestley. Priestley was a Unitarian minister as well as the chemist who discovered oxygen. Houses, chapels, and businesses were burned.
- The Bristol Bridge Riot in 1793 in Bristol was a protest against taxes and tolls. Soldiers were called in and 11 people were killed and 45 injured. This was the second most violent riot in England in the eighteenth century.
- A series of riots in 1795, in various towns in England, has been called “the Revolt of the Housewives.” Led mostly by women, these were protests against high food prices. Women would seize the goods of a merchant who they thought was overcharging customers. The women sold the goods at what they considered a fair price, and gave the money to the merchant.
- A London riot in 1809, the Old Price Riot, protested price increases at the newly-rebuilt Covent Garden Theatre. The management eventually gave in. They restored earlier prices so the theatre would be accessible to everyone, rich and poor.
- In late 1816, as Austen may have been revising Northanger Abbey, a mob of about 10,000 people in Spa Fields, London demanded election reforms and relief for the poor. The first meeting was peaceful, but the second meeting, of about 20,000 people, turned violent. They attempted to attack the Tower of London. However, troops quickly put down the riots. Perhaps this riot inspired Austen to mention “the tower threatened.”
Hemingway suggests that the most likely riot to have inspired Austen was a riot in Manchester in 1808. Six thousand weavers gathered in St. George’s Field, Manchester (rather than St. George’s Field, London) to demand a minimum wage. Dragoons were sent to restore order. According to Hemingway, when Henry Tilney says the dragoons were called “up from Northampton,” it may mean they were called up to the north, to Manchester. One man was killed, and others were injured. The rioting spread to neighboring towns. Weavers did receive a small pay increase in the end. Surprisingly, the dragoons later apologized to the weavers for their actions, and took up a collection for the family of the man who was killed.
Illustration from Charles Dickens’ historical novel about the Gordon Riots, Barnaby Rudge, “Barnaby at the Gordon Riots,” 1871, public domain.
However, London is mentioned several times in the Northanger Abbey passage. It’s possible that Austen was taking details of other recent riots and transplanting them to London, for the story. To me, however, the Gordon Riots seem to most closely fit the details given. While there was not a time when the streets of London were literally “flowing with blood,” those were the riots in which the most people were killed.
Although Henry says Catherine’s “words could relate only to a circulating library,” riots similar to what he described had happened in recent history. Of course he also criticizes her vivid imagination when she thinks his father has committed a terrible crime. It turns out that his father is not a murderer, but does treat Catherine cruelly. Henry’s words are often ironic.
What do you think? Was Austen referring to a real riot (or several riots) here, or was the riot only in Eleanor’s mind?
*R. W. Chapman (1923 edition of Northanger Abbey), Roger E. Moore (Jane Austen and the Reformation, 105), and others consider this riot to refer to the Gordon Riots.
Brenda S. Cox blogs about Faith, Science, Joy, and Jane Austen, and is currently working on a book entitled Fashionable Goodness: Christianity in Jane Austen’s England. You can also find her on Facebook.
Jane Austen's World 
I think Austen incorporation of a London riot was her using poetic license to describe general unrest occurring throughout the country instead of a specific riot, and no, I don’t think Austen was indicating it was in Eleanor’s mind. But the fact could be that Austen left it ambiguous to spur her readers’ thinking.
Good point, Meg. I like the idea that she left it ambiguous on purpose!
Thank you for this detailed description of possible riots Jane may have thought of for Northanger Abbey.
Besides the current riots and ensuing violence of today that we are witnessing in England and here there’s another sort of crime that readers should know about – the dismantling of great houses by the administration of the National Trust. It’s in the news. The Trust administration dislikes history, antiques, elitism, and beauty. They’re doing their best to destroy Trust properties and turning some into wedding barns and rentals.
The 6 million members have no power to stop this destruction. So the message is go now to see as many Trust properties as you can.
That’s very sad, Patty! I thought their whole goal was to preserve those places. But perhaps they don’t have the money to keep them all as is, and need to get income by rentals, etc. I wish I were in England now to see some of those places, as I had originally planned to be this month, but maybe next year!
A lovely article Brenda. Love all the history. Reminds me of Shirley by Charlotte Bronte. revolutions of some sort or the other were continuous over a century or more.The British were worried about Revolution I suppose because it had happened just across the channel..There was a likelihood of it happening here too so people probably had riot and revolution at the back of their minds constantly. Society was changing rapidly. But there is an element of Henry contrasting romanticism and reality. Catherine is an impressionable sort , Henry loves her and this is a moment when he, after admitting to his love of the Gothic novel too, just reminds her of the real world.
Thanks, Tony. Yes, the French Revolution had a huge impact on England in many ways; very frightening for many, especially in the upper classes. One interesting phenomenon I’ve read about is that it brought many back to church, trying to gain God’s favor and avoid revolution.
Good point; there’s so much contrast of romanticism and reality throughout the novel; sometimes we’re so much in Catherine’s head that it’s a little difficult to see which is which.
Thanks
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You’re welcome; I’m glad you enjoyed it!
Thanks so much for this informative and fascinating post! You provide some great historical detail here.
It’s been far too long since my last read of Northanger Abbey (and since I used it to create my pen name, I really ought to reread it again soon) — but my guess is that Austen wanted the reality of riots and the imagining of them to be equally at work here — always in tension, neither dominant.
The interplay between reality and imagination are, after all, at the heart of this novel. While Austen pokes fun at Catherine’s tendency to imagine more than is true, she has even more disdain for those so concerned with material reality (the Thorpes, General Tilney) that they do not truly care for others.
There’s a tug of war in all of Austen’s novels that I love — the sense that any one position, taken too far, can be dangerous. I also love that Austen makes politics and novels part of the same conversation. She brings together what would have been considered at the time “male” and “female” topics into one, hilarious unity.
Thanks again for this post! Not only have you provided great historical context, but you’ve also reminded me of Eleanor’s importance in this story. She serves as a bridge between the fanciful Catherine and sardonic Henry — and I like her all the more for it.
Thanks, Christina. Yes, that whole conversation on Beechen Cliff is a delight, and covers so much territory! I never thought about it mixing masculine and feminine concerns, but of course it does. And Eleanor is a great bridge between Catherine and Henry, as you say.
I think that as Eleanor was less fanciful, and more worldly wise, than Catherine, her mind made certain assumptions which Henry, better acquainted with Catherine, knew to be false. Eleanor was likely in the habit of discussing politics with her two brothers, while Catherine was the eldest in her more sheltered family, and lacked these influences. I find NA a delicious satire, and it’s the Austen novel I give to young people, as its lightness is a good introduction. I think that Cold Comfort Farm, by Stella Gibbons, whose heroine Flora Poste `wants to write a novel as good as Persuasion’ , was inspired by NA. I think Austen with her large, congenial well educated family, and many older brothers, had much more in common with Eleanor, than with Catherine, at least in her awareness of recent political turmoil.
Yes, Leslie. I taught high school literature to a small group of homeschoolers, and this is the Austen novel I had them read. We had a lot of fun with it.
I love this idea that Austen would have had more in common with Eleanor than Catherine. I guess I had vaguely thought Catherine might have been a younger version of Austen, but she was already satirizing novels early on in her Juvenilia. So it would make more sense that she was like Eleanor.
Jane was no stranger to threading politics into her writing. Tactful, but meaningful.
denise
Yes, Denise, it’s fun to untangle those threads!
Thanks to Brenda S Cox for this very interesting post. I loved the tidbit about Joseph Priestley, who was a Unitarian minister – oh, and by the way, he discovered oxygen!
Thank goodness he did, for if he hadn’t, whatever would we breathe?
:-) Yes, Priestley is famous for his chemical work, so we wonder why people objected to him and attacked his home. But it was for his religious beliefs (not believing in the Trinity) as well as his political stance (supporting the French Revolution). It’s easy to forget that people who were famous for one thing had many other facets to their lives.
To be fair to Priestly, the Trinity is a bit confusing🤔. At least by the time he `dissented’ no one was burning heretics!
No–just their houses. :-(
Great insightful article, thank you!
You’re very welcome, Marjolijn; my pleasure!
Thanks for the thought provoking post! As it happens, it came at the perfect time, since I am currently reading Northanger Abbey. I received the message in my inbox and was perplexed at the subject “the riot is only in your brain” but did not read it. And since I had not yet reached that passage in the book, it meant nothing to me. When I finally came to it, and then read this post, it was great revelation!
Thanks for that feedback, Patrick! I should have called it The Riot in Northanger Abbey, perhaps, to make it more clear. I’m glad you found it thought-provoking.
Just done some checking Brenda. There is more fantasy in this discussion than at first appears and there is enough confusion about that. Captain Frederick Tilney was most likely in a Gloucester regiment rather than a Northamptonshire Regiment.Members of County families joined their county regiment usually.Gloucester is a long way from Northampton. I think Henry just threw the 12th Dragoons (the 12th Royal Lancers)into the mix because they were famous for fighting at Waterloo. They had fought all through the Peninsula War in Spain and it was the Duke of Wellingtons regiment. Catherine and Eleanor would most likely have heard of their exploits.Of course Eleanor would have known her own brothers regiment but maybe Henry was just teasing her with this exaggeration?
Henry certainly was good at teasing, so maybe so!
Here is a link to the regiment. Arthur Wellesley was with them as a young officer for a short while. They saw a lot of active service during the Peninsula War against Napoleon and also in Egypt against Napoleon.
http://britishcavalryregiments.com/32-12L/12L.html
I’d always assumed it was a fictional riot, although inspired (“inspired” is the wrong word, but I can’t think of the right one!) by the various incidents which took place in the late 18th and 19th century. I love the idea of it referring to the events of 1808 here in Manchester, but I thought it was written well before that?
Yes, good point. Hemingway is assuming this was added later when Austen revised Northanger Abbey.